The following policies are specific to the use of information technology by LIT's faculty, staff, students, and guests. For other policies see the LIT Policy and Procedure Manual (PDF). Questions about policy should be directed to the Director of Information Technology.

IT Policies

7.0 Information Resources (Updated 2/23/17)
Contains definitions of terms used in all IT policies. Creates IT Steering Committee. Defines IT policy management life cycle.

7.2 Electronic Information Resources Accessibility (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines accessibility requirements and standards for electronic information resources (e.g., applications, web pages, IT hardware, etc.). Establishes EIR Coordinator role. Defines accessibility-related procurement requirements.

7.3 Information Security Program (Updated 2/23/17)
Identifies security-related roles, responsibilities, and reporting requirements. Establishes LIT's information security program. Defines requirements for information security risk assessment. Establishes information security awareness program. Defines security exception process. Defines requirements for information security incident response.

7.4 Information Asset Management (Updated 2/23/17)
Identifies responsibilities for information owners, custodians, and users. Defines standards for handling confidential and sensitive information. Defines requirements for transfer, disposal, or destruction of electronic storage media (e.g., hard drives, USB flash drives, etc.).

7.5 Account Management (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines requirements for creation, management, and use of LIT computing accounts. Defines requirements for controlling access to accounts and data. Identifies documentation requirements.

7.6 Passwords and Other Authentication (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines requirements for password security.

7.7 Network Management (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines wired and wireless networking requirements.

7.8 Server Management (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines requirements for server management by Information Technology and other units.

7.9 Change Management (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines requirements for managing changes to IT resources.

7.10 Physical and Environmental Security (Updated 2/23/17)
Defines requirements for the physical security of IT devices, the data center, switch closets, and other critical IT facilities.

7.11 Information Security
Defines requirements for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of information systems. Includes business continuity management requirements.

Other: InCommon Federation: Partipcant Operational Practices
Documentation outlining LIT's participation in the InCommon federation.

INCOMMON FEDERATION: PARTICIPANT OPERATIONAL PRACTICES

Participation in the InCommon Federation (“Federation”) enables a federation participating organization ("Participant") to use Shibboleth identity attribute sharing technologies to manage access to on-line resources that can be made available to the InCommon community.  One goal of the Federation is to develop, over time, community standards for such cooperating organizations to ensure that shared attribute assertionsare sufficiently robust and trustworthy to manage access to important protected resources.  As the community of trust evolves, the Federation expects that participants eventually should be able to trust each other's identity management systems and resource access management systemsas they trust their own.

A fundamental expectation of Participants is that they provide authoritative and accurate attribute assertions to other Participants, and that Participants receiving an attribute assertion protect it and respect privacy constraints placed on it by the Federation or the source of that information.  In furtherance of this goal, InCommon requires that each Participant make available to other Participants certain basic information about any identity management system, including the identity attributes that are supported, or resource access management system registered for use within the Federation.

Two criteria for trustworthy attribute assertions by Identity Providers are: (1) that the identity management system fall under the purview of the organization’s executive or business management, and (2) the system for issuing end-user credentials (e.g., PKI certificates, userids/passwords, Kerberos principals, etc.) specifically have in place appropriate risk management measures (e.g., authentication and authorization standards, security practices, risk assessment, change management controls, audit trails, etc.).

InCommon expects that Service Providers, who receive attribute assertions from another Participant, respect the other Participant's policies, rules, and standards regarding the protection and use of that data.  Furthermore, such information should be used only for the purposes for which it was provided.  InCommon strongly discourages the sharing of that data with third parties, or aggregation of it for marketing purposes without the explicit permission1 of the identity information providing Participant. 

InCommon requires Participants to make available to all other Participants answers to the questions below.2  Additional information to help answer each question is available in the next section of this document.  There is also a glossary at the end of this document that defines terms shown in italics.

1 Such permission already might be implied by existing contractual agreements.
2 Your responses to these questions should be posted in a readily accessible place on your web site, and the URL submitted to InCommon.  If not posted, you should post contact information for an office that can discuss it privately with other InCommon Participants as needed.  If any of the information changes, you must update your on-line statement as soon as possible.

 

1. Federation Participant Information

1.1 The InCommon Participant Operational Practices information below is for:

InCommon Participant organization name: Lamar Institute of Technology

The information below is accurate as of this date: February 23, 2017

1.2 Identity Management and/or Privacy information

Additional information about the Participant’s identity management practices and/or privacy policy regarding personal information can be found on-line at the following location(s).

• Public Information Release Policy
• Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974: http://lit.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2016-2017/Catalog-and-Student-Handbook/Academic-Policies/Student-Records/Family-Education-Rights-and-Privacy-Act-of-1974-FERPA
• LIT Account Management: http://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy705.aspx

1.3 Contact Information

The following person or office can answer questions about the Participant's identity management system or resource access management policy or practice.

• Name: Sam Dockens
• Title or Role: Interim Director of Information Technology
• Email Address: sjdockens@lit.edu
• Phone: 409-880-8195
• Fax: 409-880-2310

2. Identity Provider Information

The most critical responsibility that an Identity Provider Participant has to the Federation is to provide trustworthy and accurate identity assertions.   It is important for a Service Provider to know how your electronic identity credentials are issued and how reliable the information associated with a given credential (or person) is.

3 A general note regarding attributes and recommendations within the Federation is available here: http://www.incommonfederation.org/attributes.html

Community

2.1 If you are an Identity Provider, how do you define the set of people who are eligible to receive an electronic identity? If exceptions to this definition are allowed, who must approve such an exception?

See LIT's Account Management policy athttp://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy705.aspx

2.2 “Member of Community” is an assertion that might be offered to enable access to resources made available to individuals who participate in the primary mission of the university or organization. For example, this assertion might apply to anyone whose affiliation is “current student, faculty, or staff.” What subset of persons registered in your identity management system would you identify as a “Member of Community” in Shibboleth identity assertions to other InCommon Participants?

Lamar Institute of Technology generally considers its current students, faculty, and staff to be its primary community members. This group may include recently graduated students or recently separated employees whose access has been extended for a brief period to accommodate special circumstance. With appropriate administrative approval, Lamar Institute of Technology also provides network identifiers to contractors (e.g., project managers), guests, and others. These secondary community members are normally excluded from access to federated services. For more information see the institution’s Account Management policyathttp://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy705.aspx.

4 "Member" is one possible value for eduPersonAffiliation as defined in the eduPerson schema.  It is intended to include faculty, staff, student, and other persons with a basic set of privileges that go with membership in the university community (e.g., library privileges).  “Member of Community” could be derived from other values in eduPersonAffiliation or assigned explicitly as “Member” in the electronic identity database.  See http://www.educause.edu/eduperson/

Electronic Identity Credentials

2.3 Please describe in general terms the administrative process used to establish an electronic identity that results in a record for that person being created in your electronic identity database? Please identify the office(s) of record for this purpose. For example, “Registrar’s Office for students; HR for faculty and staff.”

Three separate offices establish identity at Lamar Institute of Technology:

Intake Office	Population Served (proposed affiliation)
Admissions Office	Incoming Students
Human Resources	Incoming Staff and Administrators
Student and Academic Success	Incoming Faculty

Each of these intake offices creates record for incoming affiliates in their respective systems of record which are the authoritative data sources for the electronic identity database. The intake offices analyze documents and other qualifications to verify the identity and eligibility of each prospective affiliate.

The Admissions office scrutinizes application packages, standardized test score reports, transcripts from prior institutions, and similar qualifying materials received from or on behalf of prospective students. Data anomalies that arise in the processing of admission documents (such as mismatches in name, birth date, or address) are investigated as possible identity theft red flags and resolved.

Faculty applicants are thoroughly vetted under a very deliberate hiring process. Once a signed faculty contract is received from the selected applicant, the Student and Academic Success office authorizes the creation of a network identifier for the selected applicant in the electronic identity database.

New staff must complete the federal employment eligibility verification (Form I-9) and present the required employment eligibility and identity documents on their first day of employment in conjunction with new employee orientation. Once that process is complete, Human Resources authorizes creation of the new employee’s network identifier in the electronic identity database.

2.4 What technologies are used for your electronic identity credentials (e.g., Kerberos, userID/password, PKI, ...) that are relevant to Federation activities? If more than one type of electronic credential is issued, how is it determined who receives which type? If multiple credentials are linked, how is this managed (e.g., anyone with a Kerberos credential also can acquire a PKI credential) and recorded?

Lamar Institute of Technology users are assigned a network identifier (aka User ID) with a corresponding password for use as electronic authentication credentials. Prior to their initial enrollment for classes, accepted applicants receive a student identification number (T-number) and associated PIN with which to authenticate to a small subset of applications (e.g., registration). These applicants receive their assigned network identifier/password upon acceptance.

2.5 If your electronic identity credentials require the use of a secret password or PIN, and there are circumstances in which that secret would be transmitted across a network without being protected by encryption (i.e., “clear text passwords” are used when accessing campus services), please identify who in your organization can discuss with any other Participant concerns that this might raise for them:

Applicants receive their student identification number in hard copy via U.S. mail with instructions explaining how to determine their PIN. The transmission of unencrypted network identifier passwords is prohibited by institutional policy and institutional authentication services utilize only encrypted transmission channels. Nevertheless, the institute does not encrypt all electronic mail and an individual user could independently transmit one or more password(s) via unencrypted e-mail. Such an e-mail would violate institutional policy and subject the sender to potential disciplinary sanctions. (See LIT's Passwords and Other Authentication policy athttp://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy706.aspxfor more information.)

Federation participants concerned about the security of Lamar Institute of Technology’s credentials should address those concerns to the institutional contact listed in section 1.3.

2.6 If you support a “single sign-on” (SSO) or similar campus-wide system to allow a single user authentication action to serve multiple applications, and you will make use of this to authenticate people for InCommon Service Providers, please describe the key security aspects of your SSO system including whether session timeouts are enforced by the system, whether user-initiated session termination is supported, and how use with “public access sites” is protected.

No campus-wide SSO or similar campus-wide system is currently available at the institution.

2.7 Are your primary electronic identifiers for people, such as “net ID,” eduPersonPrincipalName, or eduPersonTargetedID considered to be unique for all time to the individual to whom they are assigned? If not, what is your policy for re-assignment and is there a hiatus between such reuse?

Electronic identifiers for students are unique for all time. Electronic identifiers for employees are unique for the time the individual is employed/associated with the institution at for at least 180 days after separation. For more information see the institution’s Account Management policy athttp://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy705.aspx

Electronic Identity Database

2.8 How is information in your electronic identity database acquired and updated? Are specific offices designated by your administration to perform this function? Are individuals allowed to update their own information on-line?

Each authoritative source system (e.g., Human Resources System, Student Information System) provides some degree of self-service in the updating of contact information and other demographic data, but changes to key identifying attributes (e.g., legal name, social security number, etc.) require validation and entry by authorized staff.

Identifying attributes in the identity database are imported from and synchronized with the authoritative source systems via automated processes acquired or developed by central IT. Only authorized staff using specially privileged accounts (e.g., DBAs) can directly access the attributes in the identity database. Encrypted fields (e.g. passwords) in the identity database can be changed by the owner after authentication, but cannot be decrypted by anyone and must be reset to a new value if lost or forgotten.

2.9 What information in this database is considered “public information” and would be provided to any interested party?

The institution is subject to the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Texas Public Information Act (TPIA), both of which provide for the designation of “public information” that may be releasable to any party that requests it. To assure compliance with these statutes, such releases are drawn from the authoritative source databases by the appropriate data stewards and NOT directly from the identity database. For more details, see institutional policies on FERPA and TPIA athttp://lit.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2016-2017/Catalog-and-Student-Handbook/Academic-Policies/Student-Records/Family-Education-Rights-and-Privacy-Act-of-1974-FERPA andhttp://www.lit.edu/OpenRecords.aspx, respectively.

The attributes released from the identity database to a given Service Provider would normally be limited to the minimum required to make an appropriate access control decision.

Uses of Your Electronic Identity Credential System

2.10 Please identify typical classes of applications for which your electronic identity credentials are used within your own organization.

• Authentication to the wired campus network and the encrypted wireless network
• Authentication to workstations in private offices and computer labs
• Authentication to online databases and software distributions licensed by the institution
• Authentication to numerous enterprise applications such as Exchange E-mail and Calendaring, HR/Finance/Student ERP systems, Learning/Content Management Systems

Attribute Assertions

Attributes are the information data elements in an attribute assertion you might make to another Federation participant concerning the identity of a person in your identity management system.

2.11 Would you consider your attribute assertions to be reliable enough to:

[YES] control access to on-line information databases licensed to your organization?

[YES] be used to purchase goods or services for your organization?

[YES] enable access to personal information such as student loan status?

Privacy Policy

Federation Participants must respect the legal and organizational privacy constraints on attribute information provided by other Participants and use it only for its intended purposes.

2.12 What restrictions do you place on the use of attribute information that you might provide to other Federation participants?

We restrict usage to the purpose for which the attributes were provided, that is, for the purpose of making an appropriate access control decision. We would require an explicit, written agreement between the appropriate institutional authority and any Federation participant or third party wishing to aggregate or release any non-public information that we have provided.

2.13 What policies govern the use of attribute information that you might release to other Federation participants? For example, is some information subject to FERPA or HIPAA restrictions?

FERPA (see http://lit.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2016-2017/Catalog-and-Student-Handbook/Academic-Policies/Student-Records/Family-Education-Rights-and-Privacy-Act-of-1974-FERPA) and TPIA (see http://www.lit.edu/OpenRecords.aspx) both provide for the designation of “public information” that may be released without restriction. The attributes released from the identity database to a given Service Provider would normally be limited to the minimum required to make an appropriate access control decision.

 

3. Service Provider Information

Service Providers are trusted to ask for only the information necessary to make an appropriate access control decision, and to not misuse information provided to them by Identity Providers. Service Providers must describe the basis on which access to resources is managed and their practices with respect to attribute information they receive from other Participants.

3.1 What attribute information about an individual do you require in order to manage access to resources you make available to other Participants? Describe separately for each service ProviderID that you have registered.

Lamar Institute of Technology has not yet registered any Service Providers.

3.2 What use do you make of attribute information that you receive in addition to basic access control decisions? For example, do you aggregate session access records or records of specific information accessed based on attribute information, or make attribute information available to partner organizations, etc.?

N/A, as we do not currently have any registered services. But if we did, we would likely restrict usage to that required for an appropriate access control decisions unless an explicit written agreement has been executed to cover the additional uses.

3.3 What human and technical controls are in place on access to and use of attribute information that might refer to only one specific person (i.e., personally identifiable information)? For example, is this information encrypted?

The information is protected by a perimeter firewall and host-based controls. The information is accessible only to those in specific roles having the necessary permissions. All such individuals have signed non-disclosure agreements and passed criminal background checks prior to their hire. Institutional policy prohibits the unencrypted transmission of personally identifiable information that is sensitive or confidential.

3.4 Describe the human and technical controls that are in place on the management of super-user and other privileged accounts that might have the authority to grant access to personally identifiable information?

Users with super-user or similar privileged accounts are designated as information custodians and assigned appropriate responsibilities. For daily operations and administration, individual accounts are used to provide accountability. Shared administrative or special access accounts are used on a limited basis for system update and patching functions. Use of these accounts is documented and access is managed. Where possible, audit logs are kept for at least 30 days.

Prior to access being granted to any system, including those containing personally identifiable formation, information owner approval is required. This approval is obtained via signature on paper form for initial access. Revised access requests are authorized via email. Accounts and associated permissions are reviewed on an annual basis, or more often as determined by risk assessment.

All positions with access to personally identifiable information are considered security sensitive and subject to criminal background check.

For more information, see the following institutional policies:

• Information Asset Management: http://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy704.aspx
• Account Management: http://www.lit.edu/depts/TechService/policy705.aspx

3.5 If personally identifiable information is compromised, what actions do you take to notify potentially affected individuals?

Chapter 521 of the Texas Business & Commerce Code defines the circumstances under which notification is required by Texas law and the notification methods required (seehttp://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/BC/htm/BC.521.htm).

 

4. Other Information

4.1 Technical Standards, Versions and Interoperability

Identify the version of Internet2 Shibboleth code release that you are using or, if not using the standard Shibboleth code, what version(s) of the SAML and SOAP and any other relevant standards you have implemented for this purpose.

simpleSAMLPHP version 1.14.11 which is configured to support SAML 2.0

4.2 Other Considerations Are there any other considerations or information that you wish to make known to other Federation participants with whom you might interoperate? For example, are there concerns about the use of clear text passwords or responsibilities in case of a security breach involving identity information you may have provided?

N/A

 

Additional Notes and Details on the Operational Practices Questions

As a community of organizations willing to manage access to on-line resources cooperatively, and often without formal contracts in the case of non-commercial resources, it is essential that each Participant have a good understanding of the identity and resource management practices implemented by other Participants.  The purpose of the questions above is to establish a base level of common understanding by making this information available for other Participants to evaluate.

In answering these questions, please consider what you would want to know about your own operations if you were another Participant deciding what level of trust to place in interactions with your on-line systems.  For example:

• What would you need to know about an Identity Provider in order to make an informed decision whether to accept its assertions to manage access to your on-line resources or applications?
• What would you need to know about a Service Provider in order to feel confident providing it information that it might not otherwise be able to have?

It also might help to consider how identity management systems within a single institution could be used.

• What might your central campus IT organization, as a Service Provider, ask of a peer campus Identity Provider (e.g., Computer Science Department, central Library, or Medical Center) in order to decide whether to accept its identity assertions for access to resources that the IT organization controls?
• What might a campus department ask about the central campus identity management system if the department wanted to leverage it for use with its own applications?

The numbered paragraphs below provide additional background to the numbered questions in the main part of this document.

[1.2]  InCommon Participants who manage Identity Providers are strongly encouraged to post on their website the privacy and information security policies that govern their identity management system.  Participants who manage Service Providers are strongly encouraged to post their policies with respect to use of personally identifying information.

[1.3]  Other InCommon Participants may wish to contact this person or office with further questions about the information you have provided or if they wish to establish a more formal relationship with your organization regarding resource sharing.

[2]     Many organizations have very informal processes for issuing electronic credentials.  For example, one campus does this through its student bookstore.  A Service Provider may be more willing to accept your assertions to the extent that this process can be seen as authoritative.

[2.1]  It is important for a Service Provider to have some idea of the community whose identities you may represent.  This is particularly true for assertions such as the eduPerson “Member of Community.”  A typical definition might be “Faculty, staff, and active students” but it might also include alumni, prospective students, temporary employees, visiting scholars, etc.  In addition, there may be formal or informal mechanisms for making exceptions to this definition, e.g., to accommodate a former student still finishing a thesis or an unpaid volunteer.

         This question asks to whom you, as an Identity Provider, will provide electronic credentials.  This is typically broadly defined so that the organization can accommodate a wide variety of applications locally.  The reason this question is important is to distinguish between the set of people who might have a credential that you issue and the subset of those people who fall within your definition of “Member of Community” for the purpose of InCommon attribute assertions.

[2.2]  The assertion of “Member of Community” is often good enough for deciding whether to grant access to basic on-line resources such as library-like materials or websites.  InCommon encourages participants to use this assertion only for “Faculty, Staff, and active Students” but some organizations may have the need to define this differently.  InCommon Service Providers need to know if this has been defined differently.

[2.3]  For example, if there is a campus recognized office of record that issues such electronic credentials and that office makes use of strong, reliable technology and good database management practices, those factors might indicate highly reliable credentials and hence trustworthy identity assertions.

[2.4]  Different technologies carry different inherent risks.  For example, a userID and password can be shared or “stolen” rather easily.  A PKI credential or SecureID card is much harder to share or steal.  For practical reasons, some campuses use one technology for student credentials and another for faculty and staff.  In some cases, sensitive applications will warrant stronger and/or secondary credentials.

[2.5]  Sending passwords in “clear text” is a significant risk, and all InCommon Participants are strongly encouraged to eliminate any such practice.  Unfortunately this may be difficult, particularly with legacy applications.  For example, gaining access to a centralized calendar application via a wireless data connection while you are attending a conference might reveal your password to many others at that conference.  If this is also your campus credential password, it could be used by another person to impersonate you to InCommon Participants.

[2.6]  “Single sign-on” (SSO) is a method that allows a user to unlock his or her electronic identity credential once and then use it for access to a variety of resources and applications for some period of time.  This avoids people having to remember many different identifiers and passwords or to continually log into and out of systems.  However, it also may weaken the link between an electronic identity and the actual person to whom it refers if someone else might be able to use the same computer and assume the former user’s identity.  If there is no limit on the duration of a SSO session, a Federation Service Provider may be concerned about the validity of any identity assertions you might make.  Therefore it is important to ask about your use of SSO technologies.

[2.7]  In some identity management systems, primary identifiers for people might be reused, particularly if they contain common names, e.g. Jim Smith@MYU.edu.  This can create ambiguity if a Service Provider requires this primary identifier to manage access to resources for that person.

[2.8]  Security of the database that holds information about a person is at least as critical as the electronic identity credentials that provide the links to records in that database.  Appropriate security for the database, as well as management and audit trails of changes made to that database, and management of access to that database information are important.

[2.9]  Many organizations will make available to anyone certain, limited “public information.”  Other information may be given only to internal organization users or applications, or may require permission from the subject under FERPA or HIPAA rules.  A Service Provider may need to know what information you are willing to make available as “public information” and what rules might apply to other information that you might release.

[2.10]   In order to help a Service Provider assess how reliable your identityassertions may be, it is helpful to know how your organization uses those same assertions. The assumption here is that you are or will use the same identity management system for your own applications as you are using for federated purposes.

[2.11]   Your answer to this question indicates the degree of confidence you have in the accuracy of your identity assertions.

[2.12]   Even “public information” may be constrained in how it can be used.  For example, creating a marketing email list by “harvesting” email addresses from a campus directory web site may be considered illicit use of that information.  Please indicate what restrictions you place on information you make available to others.

[2.13]   Please indicate what legal or other external constraints there may be on information you make available to others.

[3.1]  Please identify your access management requirements to help other Participants understand and plan for use of your resource(s).  You might also or instead provide contact information for an office or person who could answer inquiries.

[3.2]  As a Service Provider, please declare what use(s) you would make of attribute information you receive.

[3.3]  Personally identifying information can be a wide variety of things, not merely a name or credit card number.  All information other than large group identity, e.g., “member of community,” should be protected while resident on your systems.

[3.4]  Certain functional positions can have extraordinary privileges with respect to information on your systems.  What oversight means are in place to ensure incumbents do not misuse such privileges?

[3.5]  Occasionally protections break down and information is compromised.  Some states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals.  What legal and/or institutional policies govern notification of individuals if information you hold is compromised?

[4.1]  Most InCommon Participants will use Internet2 Shibboleth technology, but this is not required.  It may be important for other participants to understand whether you are using other implementations of the technology standards.

[4.2]  As an Identity Provider, you may wish to place constraints on the kinds of applications that may make use of your assertions.  As a Service Provider, you may wish to make a statement about how User credentials must be managed.  This question is completely open ended and for your use.

 

Glossary

access management system	The collection of systems and or services associated with specific on-line resources and/or services that together derive the decision about whether to allow a given individual to gain access to those resources or make use of those services.
assertion	The identity information provided by an Identity Provider to a Service Provider.
attribute	A single piece of information associated with an electronic identity database record.  Some attributes are general; others are personal.  Some subset of all attributes defines a unique individual.
authentication	The process by which a person verifies or confirms their association with an electronic identifier.  For example, entering a password that is associated with an UserID or account name is assumed to verify that the user is the person to whom the UserID was issued.
authorization	The process of determining whether a specific person should be allowed to gain access to an application or function, or to make use of a resource.  The resource manager then makes the access control decision, which also may take into account other factors such as time of day, location of the user, and/or load on the resource system.
electronic identifier	A string of characters or structured data that may be used to reference an electronic identity.  Examples include an email address, a user account name, a Kerberos principal name, a UC or campus NetID, an employee or student ID, or a PKI certificate.
electronic identity	A set of information that is maintained about an individual, typically in campus electronic identity databases.  May include roles and privileges as well as personal information.  The information must be authoritative to the applications for which it will be used.
electronic identity credential	An electronic identifier and corresponding personal secret associated with an electronic identity.  An electronic identity credential typically is issued to the person who is the subject of the information to enable that person to gain access to applications or other resources that need to control such access.
electronic identity database	A structured collection of information pertaining to a given individual.  Sometimes referred to as an "enterprise directory."  Typically includes name, address, email address, affiliation, and electronic identifier(s).  Many technologies can be used to create an identity database, for example LDAP or a set of linked relational databases.
identity	Identity is the set of information associated with a specific physical person or other entity.  Typically an Identity Provider will be authoritative for only a subset of a person’s identity information.  What identity attributes might be relevant in any situation depend on the context in which it is being questioned.
identity management system	A set of standards, procedures and technologies that provide electronic credentials to individuals and maintain authoritative information about the holders of those credentials.
Identity Provider	A campus or other organization that manages and operates an identity management system and offers information about members of its community to other InCommon participants.
NetID	An electronic identifier created specifically for use with on-line applications. It is often an integer and typically has no other meaning.
personal secret (also  verification token)	Used in the context of this document, is synonymous with password, pass phrase or PIN.  It enables the holder of an electronic identifier to confirm that s/he is the person to whom the identifier was issued.
Service Provider	A campus or other organization that makes on-line resources available to users based in part on information about them that it receives from other InCommon participants.